3D point cloud; experiments
Academic progress; Blockchains/DLT
Accuracy; Models
Acquisition; Competence profiles
actual petrochemical project; research
Actual solutions; Limitations
Adequate Schedule; Understanding
Advanced competence profiles; BIM domain competences
Advanced competence profiles; Employees
Apartment Building; Industrial Building
API; BIM
API codes; automate estimation
API; construction industry
approach; machine learningER
Architects; Structure engineers
Architectural Domain; Scalable Vector Format
Architectural Education; Limitations
Architectural precedent study; Learning objectives
architectural representations; section views
Architectural Representations Test; scores
AR; improve learning
AR; integration
AR; learning
AR; statistically significant
Artificial Intelligence; Robotics
ART timed scores; improvement
aspects; geometry
Asset life cycle; Diverse data sets
Asset life cycle; New understanding
Asset life cycle; Real-time
Automated code-compliance; non-compliant elements
Automated Translation; Rebar Information
Automated Virtual Assembly; Development
Automated Virtual Assembly; Prefabricated Construction
behaviour; aspects
benchmark; results
BIM; API
BIM; Applications
BIM; Architecture
BIM; Architecture
BIM; Blockchain
BIM; Blockchains/DLT
BIM; Building Information Model
BIM; Constraint Logic Programming
BIM; construction
BIM; Construction (AEC)
BIM; Construction Industry
BIM; construction management
BIM-contained geometries; complex calculations
BIM; Cryptography
BIM; Cyber-Physical Systems
BIM; Data
BIM; Engineering
BIM exchange format; Building objects
BIM; Geometrical information
BIM; hyperrealistic rendering
BIM; hyperreality
BIM; issues
BIM LOD; Virtual Reality
BIM model; rendered model
BIM models; Conformance
BIM models; Evaluation
BIM models; Insignificant information
BIM models; Rules/guidelines
BIM; Object
BIM object; Dataset
BIM; physical buildings
BIM practice task; Competences
BIM; Robotic Operating System (ROS)
BIMs; larger community
BIM; standards
BIM; Structures
BIM; Three-dimensional models
BIM tools; Blockchain backend
BIM tools; Distributed computing
BIM tools; Exchange formats
BIMxAR; AR
BIMxAR; spatial abilities
Blockchain backend; Industrial progress
Blockchain-Enabled; Smart Contracts 
building construction systems; comprehension
Building data; Graph representation
Building Designs; Images
Building elements; Labeling
Building Information Model; Industrial Foundation Classes
Building Information Modeling; (BIM)
Building Information Modeling; Classification
Building Information Modeling; Construction process
building information modeling; energy efficiency
Building Information Modeling; Virtual Reality
Building Information Modeling; Work Processes
Building Information Modelling; Laser Scanning
Building Information Model; Software
building inspection; property security
Building model; Inconsistencies
Building objects; photos
Building ontology; W3C Linked Building Data Community Group
Building regulation compliance; construction projects
Building regulations; human readable texts
Building; Representation
building-scale registration; accurate
buildings; construction sites
buildings; deconstruction
Buildings; Environmental impact
Buildings; Regulations
Buildings; Safety
Buildings; Stability
Built-in rules; Building regulations
carbon footprints; life cycle
Centralized; Mechanisms
Checking models; Practical value
cities; smart energy utilization
CityGML; counterpart
City-Scale; Building Information Modeling
Civil Engineering; Case Studies
Classical Machine Learning; Feature Extraction
Classification performance; Manual labor
climate-neutral; PMS
climate-positive; PMS
Cluster Computing; Cryptography
CNN Architectures; Object Detection
Cohorts; Online questionnaires
Cohorts; Second learning activity
Colors; Image properties
Commercial Construction; Projects
Communalities; Building Information Modelling
Communalities; Cyber-Physical Systems
Communalities; Differences
Communication; Collaboration
Compatibility; mvdXML
Competence development; Workplace of the future
Competences; Digital Practice
Complexity; Large amount
complexity; standard data model
Complex Training; Evacuation Problems
Computers and Society; Discrete Mathematics
Computers; Society
Computer Vision; Object Detection
Computer Vision; Pattern Recognition
Computer Vision; Pattern Recognition
Computer Vision; Pattern Recognition
Computer Vision; Recognition
Computer Vision; Super Resolution
Concrete Buildings; Proposed Approach
Construction; Built environment
Construction Industry; Building Designs
Construction Payment; Automation
Construction Progress; Distributed Manner
Construction Projects; Contractors
Construction regulations; semantic queries
Construction Sequencing; Simulated BIM
Constructor; Assembly Process
Content Addressable; File Sharing
Content creation; Tactile object
Contractors; Constructors
Conversion; bi-directional
Conversion; Vector Images
Convolutional Neural Network; Object Detection
Correct Distributions; Rebars
counterpart; IFC
Credible User Experience; Meaningful User Experience
Cryptography; Security
Cryptography; Security
Database; Images
Databases; IFC
Data; Code
Data quality; Distributed Ledger Technology
Data quality; Uniform view
Data sets; New understanding
Data sets; Real-time
Data; synthesis
decarbonization potential; multifunctional BIM
decarbonize; construction sector
Deep learning; architecture
Deep Learning-based Approach; GPR Data
Deep learning; Classification
Deep Learning; Classification
Deep Learning; Pre-trained Networks
Deep Learning; Visual Information
deployment location; robots localization and navigation systems
deployment locations; mobile robotic systems
design-build-maintain; pavement alternatives
Designer; Contractor
Design learning; Hypothesis establishment
Design pedagogy; LODs
design practices; BIM
Design tools; Erroneous designs
Design tools; Rule-compliant models
deterioration; bearing capacity
Development LODs; Geometric abstract concepts
Differences; Building Information Modelling
Differences; Cyber-Physical Systems
Different Approaches; Earthquake-based Case Study
digitalization; decarbonization
Digitalization of assets; Intellectual property
Digital literacy; Semester-long course
Digital Twin; BIM
Digital Twin; Cyber-Physical Systems
Digital Twins; Engineering Mechanisms
Digital Twins; Modelling and Simulation
Digital Twins; Technical Characteristics
Digital Twins; Three-Element Model
Digital Twins; Two-Element VM Model
discipline; work area
Discussion; Implications
Distributed computing; Parallel computing
Distributed Ledger Technology; Blockchains
Distributed Ledger Technology; User-oriented integration
Distribution; Safeguarding data
Distribution; Traceability/auditability
Drawings and Models; Indoor Environment
Dynamic Changes; Development Efforts
Ease of access; Well-known buildings
eBIM-GNN; energy analysis
ecoinvent v3.6; data sources
Educational scenarios; Online tests
Educational scenarios; Promote competences
Educational Scenarios; Workplace of the Future
energy efficient prototypes; existing buildings
Engineering; Construction
Engineering Informatization; Computational Engineering
Engineering Informatization; Finance
Engineering Informatization; ICTs
Engineering Informatization; Science
Enriched BIM; Models
Enterprise-level MVD; MVDLite
environmental quantification; BIM
equipment; semantic database
Evacuees Behaviour; Design of VR SGs
evidence; problems
evidence; problems
evidence; tools
Exchange formats; Tool maturity
existing buildings; identified and located
existing methods; slow and expensive
Experienced Personnel; Virtual Assembly
Experimental results; large models
Farnsworth House; Assemblage reproduction
Faster R-CNN; GPR Data
Faster R-CNN; Labels
field data; France
First cohort; Semester-long course
Flaws; Additional costs
Flaws; Construction time
Flaws; Delays
Floor Plan; Object Detection
Floor Plan; Super Resolution
FloorPP-Net; 1st International Scan-to-BIM Challenge
FloorPP-Net; corners and edges
FloorPP-Net; deep learning-based
FloorPP-Net; end-to-end
FloorPP-Net; floor plan
FloorPP-Net; floor plan reconstruction
FloorPP-Net; Point Pillars
FloorPP-Net; ranked second
FloorPP-Net; runner-up
FloorPP-Net; Scan2FP task
FloorPP-Net; Scan-to-BIM
FloorPP-Net; supervised learning framework
Formal education; Advanced competence profiles
Formalization; Construction Sequence
Frequency, Granularity, and Transparency; Payments
functionalities; software
Future work; BIM models
Game content; User engagement
Game levels; BIM levels
General geometric; Learning methods
Generalized mapping; photographed environments
Generative adversarial network; GAN model
GeoBIM benchmark project; evidence
geometric algorithms; spatial data structures
Geometric information; Objects
Geometric methods; Classification performance
Geometric-relational; Learning framework
geometry; semantics
georeferencing; functionalities
GHG emissions savings; BIM
GPR; BIM
GPR Data; As-Built BIM
GPR Data; Elements in BIM
Graph embeddings; Algorithm
greenhouse gas; emissions
hand calculated results; BIM software interface
Histogram of Oriented Gradients; Support Vector Machine
HOG + SVM; Model
Human-Computer Interaction; Computer Science
human made; urban firefighter
Hybrid system; BIM and rendering
ICTs; Engineering Mechanisms
IFC; BIM
IFC; geoinformation
IFC standard; automation of IFC processing
IFC; Standard schema
Image Enhancement; CNN
Image Enhancement; Super Resolution
Images; 3D Model
implementation; use
implementation; use
Improvement; Object Detection
Improving learning; Costly approach
Indoor Earthquake Evacuation; Fire Evacuation
Indoor Environments; Existing Buildings
Industrial progress; Academic progress
Inefficient Scheduling; Costly Rework Time
Information; Models
Initial course; Domain competences or meta competences
Intermediated Mechanisms; Payment Applications
Interoperability; Problem
investigation; issues
IPCC 2013 GWP 100a; characterization factors
issues; evidence
issues; standards
issues; support
Labeled Images; GPR
Labeled property graphs; BIM
Label; Scanned Element
Laser Scanner; Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)
layered path planner; global and local
Learning outcomes; Domain competences
Level of Development; Case Studies
life cycle; evidence
limitations; BIM models
literature review; limited research
Logic-based executable formalisms; BIM models
Logic-based executable formalisms; Knowledge representation
Logic-based executable formalisms; Reasoning capabilities
Low Resolution Images; High Resolution
Machine learning applications; Semantic relations
Machine learning; architecture
Machine Learning; BRAILS
Machine Learning; Construction
Machine Learning; Graph embeddings
Machine Learning; Statistical Tool
maintenance and rehabilitation; GHG emissions savings
manager; domain-specific knowledge
Manual compliance checking; Error-prone
Manual compliance checking; Tedious
map merging algorithm; newly discovered obstacles
massive design; surface maintenance
materials; man-hours
Meta competencies; Substitute for domain competences
Method engineers; Building process
Method; faster performance
metric map; UWB-based localization system
ML; SURF
mobile robot; location-aware
Model chart; formal rules
Modelling and Simulation; Building Information Model (BIM)
Modelling and Simulation; Model Predictive Control (MPC)
Modelling and Simulation; Virtual Manufacturing (VM)
Model pre-processing; Evacuation routes
Models; Software
Model View Definition; Building Information Model
monofunctional BIM; road maintenance
Multi-component Module; SR Model
Multi-dimensional vector space; Case study implementation
MVD; data constraints
MVDLite; applications
MVDLite; conversion
MVDLite; model extraction
MVDLite; MVD
MVDLite; MVD validation
MVDLite; mvdXML
MVDLite; representation
MVDLite; subgraph templates
MVDLite; value constants
MVDLite; workflow
MVD; methodology
mvdXML; format
net-zero; decarbonization
Net-zero-energy building; National University of Singapore
Neural Networks; Accuracy
Neural networks; human annotations
Neural networks; visual understanding
Neural network; synthetic data
neutral effect; BIM
Node2Vec; Biased random walks
Novel Datasets; Object Detection
operator-friendly way; leveraging semantic information
original pavement construction; GHG emissions savings
Output model; real-world photos
Paper; Factors
paper; Part II
Part II; benchmark
Pavement Management System (PMS); emissions
Pavement Management Systems; construction sector
pavement subgrade bearing capacity; climate-positive
Payments; Cash Flow
Performance; Vanilla Network
Photorealistic renderings; BIM-based labels
Physically Geometric Visualization; Real-Time Sensing
place; semantic contextual information
planner; 3D work areas
PMS existence; life cycle emissions
Point Pillars; corners and edges
Point Pillars; deep learning-based
Point Pillars; end-to-end
Point Pillars; floor plan
Point Pillars; Scan2FP task
Point Pillars; Scan-to-BIM
Point Pillars; supervised learning framework
practitioners; researchers
Prefabricated Construction; Construction Methods
problems; GeoBIM benchmark project
problems; investigation
Processing Payments; Subcontractors
Progress Assessments; Job Sites
progressive design; pre-planned structural maintenance
Progress Monitoring; Camera-Equipped UAV
Progress Monitoring; Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)
Projection Relationship; Scanned Elements
Project Management; New Model
Project; Singleton State Machine
prototype buildings; match and generate statistics
quantified evidence; digitalization
quantity take off; work areas
Rapid 3D Reconstruction; Indoor Environments
Reality Capture; Technologies
Reality Capture; Technologies
Real-time; New understanding
Reasoner; ASP with constraints
Reasoner; CLP(Q/R)
reasoning; decision making
Rebars; GPR
Rebars; Surface Elements
Regulation texts; automated checking algorithms
Relational features; Bonus
Relational information; BIM context
Renderings; deep learning model
research; automated approach
research; case study
researchers; BIM
results; CityGML
results; negligible direct emissions
Results; Rebars
results; simulation and real-life deployments
retrofitting; energy savings
Safeguarding data; Performance
safety margins; BIM
Saliency model; Adaptations
Santa Barbara Solids Test; scores
Satellite/Street View; Images
Scan-to-BIM; Checking
Scan-to-BIM; deep learning-based
SDE4; Approach
Second cohort; Meta competences
section views; physical building
section views; understanding
semantic navigation; domain knowledge
semantics; georeferencing
Semantic similarities; Building components
Semantic similarities; Multi-dimensional vector space
Semi-structured interviews; Educational scenarios
sensitivity analyses; PMS
Shape information; BIM objects
Similarities; Building objects
Simulation; Automation
Singapores CORENET e-Submission System; Fire safety
Smart Contract; On-chain Payment Settlements
Snap-to-angle; User engagement
Snap-to-grid; Snap-to-position
software; standardised data
Spatial Patterns; Building Metadata
Spatial; Spatio-temporal data
Specificities; Architectural images
SR; Vanilla Network
Stacked Model; Object Detection
stakeholders; decarbonization
standard data model; paper
standardised data; issues
Standardization; User-oriented integration
Standardizing approach; extending approach
standards; complexity
standards; implementation
standards; implementation
Step-by-step game; VR demonstration
study; AR system prototype
Super Resolution; Object Detection
support; standards
synthetic dataset; working
Systematic review; BIM
Systematic review; CPS
Systematic review; Digital Twin
System; Ontological representation
System/Product/Service Life Cycle Management; Predictability
tailored structural maintenance; Pavement Management System (PMS)
Tamper resistance; Traceability/auditability
Teleworking; Complex digital tools
time; performance factor
Tool maturity; Performance
tools; behaviour
topological map; metric map
Training Applications; Enhanced Learning
Training dataset; photos
Training dataset; BIMrAI
Training datasets; limitations
Transfer of Lien; Rights
Uniform view; Blockchains
Use cases; usefulness of approach
use; evidence
use; practitioners
Users department; Visualization
user study; improvements
Validation; algorithm
Validation; fast algorithm
Vector Space; Methodology
Virtual Construction Modeling; Building Information Modeling
Virtual Construction Model; Time Consuming
Virtual reality; Delivering information
Virtual Reality; Serious Games
visualization features; novel
Visualization; Relevant information
Visualizing Assembly Process; Construction Model
Visual Learning; Artificial Intelligence
Vocabularies; Building Information Models
Building Information Models; BIM
VR Scenarios; Existing Buildings
VR SGs; Human-Computer Interaction
Workflows; Reconstruction of 3D
Workplaces; Future